Subfamily FORMICINAE Wheeler, 1920: 53

Diagnostic Features - Pedicel of a single segment, usually with a narrow connection to the gaster so that the petiole has a distinct posterior face. Eyes usually present. Clypeus developed so that the antennal insertions are some distance behind the anterior margin of the head. Frontal carinae may cover antennal insertions. No sting and apex of gaster with a circular acidopore formed from the hypopigium, this structure often projecting as a nozzle and fringed with hairs. Occasionally the orifice of the acidopore is hidden by a projection of the pygidium, in which case the pronotum, petiole or both are armed with spines.

As a whole the Subfamily has been the subject of little in the way of modern revisionary studies. The sole modern generic studies are of AgraulomyrmexI (Prins, 1983), a partial revision of Cataglyphis (Agosti, 1990) and of Polyrhachis (Bolton, 1973b). The genus Camponotus has a very large number of species, a vast number of "subspecies", "varieties" and simply code-referenced "forms" and has many members which appear to be abundant, successful and of economic importance. Yet it remains a baffling enigma untackled by contemporary taxonomists.

Revised after Bolton (2003: 267) - separating Anoplolepis as previously understood into two separate genera Anoplolepis (in Tribe Lasiini; with Zealleyella as a junior synonym) and Tapinolepis (in Tribe Plagiolepidini; with Mesanoplolepis as a junior synonym).

Bolton's prime separation points are :-
Anoplolepis - mandible with 6-9 teeth, when closed not concealed by clypeus; dorsum of head behind clypeus with erect stout setae; eye behind mid-length of head, and anterior arc of torus around eyes posterior to and not touching clypeal margin; ocelli absent (sometimes one median ocellus in largest workers); metatibia with a large distinct apicoventral spur, with a coarse seta on each side; anterior face of gaster without distinct concavity.
Tapinolepis - mandible with 5 teeth, when closed mostly concealed by clypeus; dorsum of head behind clypeus without erect stout setae; eyes set variably around midlength of head but anterior arc of torus around eyes touching and slightly indenting clypeal margin; three ocelli distinct; metatibia with a divergent pair of large coarse setae on each side, no median spur; anterior face of gaster with distinct cavity, into which the petiole fits when alitrunk and gaster in horizontal alignment.

In Bolton's separation (2003), however, there are some anomalies which, as he gave no species details or even indication of any review, are questionable. For example Anoplolepis (Anacantholepis) bothae is given as Tapinolepis bothae [queen & male only known]; Anoplolepis (Anoplolepis) macgregori is given as Tapinolepis macgregori; and Anoplolepis (Anoplolepis) pernix is gven as Tapinolepis pernix. Typically, as in others of his generic revisions, Bolton synonymises subgenera and then creates species-groups, in this instance, under Anoplolepis, he wrote of the gracilipes group (being monomorphic) and the custodiens group (polymorphic).

Key to Genera known or likely to found in Africa

1	Antennae with 9 segments	2
--	Antennae with 10 or more segments	4
2	Palp formula 3,3; head heart-shaped in full-face view; TL 1.78-2.46 mm (single species)	Cameroun - Petalomyrmex
--	Head near rectangular in full-face view	3
3	Eyes set well away from the sides of the head; palp formula 5,3; TL 3.0-3.3 mm (single species)	western Congo Basin - Aphomomyrmex
--	Eyes not well away from sides of head and alitrunk profile even, TL ca 1.2 mm (single species)	Gabon - Brachymyrmex
4	Antennae with 10 segments; TL < 2.2 mm - (two species)	southern Africa - Agraulomyrmex
--	Antennae with 11 or 12 segments	5
5	Antennae with 11 segments	6
--	Antennae with 12 segments	10
6	Propodeum armed with a pair of spines, teeth or tubercles; petiole usually similarly armed; numerous species all small, most TL ca 2.5-3.0 mm	Pan-African - Lepisiota
--	Propodeum with rounded variably angular transition from dorsum to declivity	7
7	Palp formula 1,3 or 2,3; eyes reduced to no more than a few facets; three species, all TL < 3.5 mm	Pan-African - Acropyga
--	Palp formula 6,4; all with quite large eyes	8
8	Metanotum a clearly separate segment of the alitrunk; numerous species all TL < 2.5 mm	Pan-African - Plagiolepis
--	Metanotum fused with the mesonotum	9
9	Mandible with 6-9 teeth, when closed not concealed by clypeus; dorsum of head behind clypeus with erect stout setae; eye behind mid-length of head; ocelli absent (sometimes one median ocellus in largest workers); anterior face of gaster without distinct concavity; two groups/subgenera - Zelalleyella moderate size, TL up to 7.0 mm; Anoplolepis all small TL < 4.5 mm	Pan-African - Anoplolepis
--	Mandible with 5 teeth, when closed mostly concealed by clypeus; dorsum of head behind clypeus without erect stout setae; eyes set variably around midlength; three ocelli distinct; anterior face of gaster with a distinct cavity, into which the petiole fits when alitrunk and gaster in horizontal alignment; nine species all small TL < 3.5 mm	eastern & southern Africa - Tapinolepis
10	Eyes enormous; single species TL 3.6 mm	Congo Basin - Santschiella
--	Eyes variable but not dominating the head	11
11	Metapleuron with a distinct wide orifice for the metapleural gland; antennal sockets close to the posterior margin of the clypeus	12
--	Without a distinct metapleural gland orifice; antennal sockets set well back from posterior margin of the clypeus	14
12	Propodeal spiracle elliptic to slit-like; ocelli present; ca 25 species, most dimorphic or polymorphic TL up to 13 mm in the largest	north of the Equator (savannah) - Cataglyphis
--	Propodeal spiracle small and circular; no visible ocelli	13
13	Palp formula 6.4; eyes large and conspicuous; dorsal surfaces with paired coarse setae; ca 17 species, all TL < 5.0 mm, most TL no more than 2.5 mm	Pan-African - Paratrechina
--	Palp formula 3,4; 3,3 or 3,2; eyes small or absent; 5 species, all no more than TL 3.0 mm	Congo Basin east to Uganda and S. Sudan - Pseudolasius
14	Palp formula 5,4; mandible relatively elongated with 10 teeth; petiole reduced to a low node; 4 or 5 species, all dimorphic, max TL up to 8-9 mm	West Africa, Congo Basin and East Africa - Oecophylla
--	Palp forumla 6,4; mandibles no more than triangular; petiole a domed to narrow scale	15
15	Petiole and propodeum always unarmed (latter may be angular); dimorphic to polymorphic	.
.	Numerous species, most if not all di- or trimorphic; medium or large sized; TL range ca 6 mm to > 20 mm	Pan-African - Camponotus
--	At least petiole armed with teeth of spines; monomorphic	16
16	Acidopore open and fringed with hairs; anterior margin of clypeus broadly concave; 3-4 species, two with TL 6-7.5 mm, one with TL 12 mm	Congo Basin & Angola - Phasmomyrmex
--	Acidopore concealed when not in use; anterior margin of clypeus not concave; numerous medium to large species, TL range most 5-6 mm, a few up to ca 14 mm	Pan-African - Polyrhachis